Gukoresha cyane ibicuruzwa bitagira umwanda ni impinduramatwara mugikoni, ni nziza, iramba, yoroshye kuyisukura, kandi ihindura ibara nuburyo wumva igikoni.Nkigisubizo, ibidukikije bigaragara mugikoni byateye imbere cyane, kandi ntibikiri umwijima kandi bitose, kandi ni umwijima.
Nyamara, hari ubwoko bwinshi bwibyuma, kandi itandukaniro riri hagati yaryo ntabwo ari rito.Rimwe na rimwe, ibibazo byumutekano birumvikana, kandi nikibazo guhitamo.
Cyane cyane iyo bigeze kumasafuriya, ibikoresho byo kumeza nibindi bikoresho bitwara ibiryo bitaziguye, ibikoresho biba byoroshye.Nigute wabatandukanya?
Icyuma kitagira umwanda ni iki?
Umwihariko wibyuma bitagira umwanda bigenwa nibintu bibiri, aribyo chromium na nikel.Hatari chromium, ntabwo ari ibyuma bidafite ingese, kandi ingano ya nikel igena agaciro kibyuma.
Ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora gukomeza kurabagirana mu kirere kandi ntibishobora kubora kuko birimo urugero runaka rwibintu bya chromium alloy (bitari munsi ya 10.5%), bishobora gukora firime ikomeye ya okiside hejuru yicyuma kidashobora gukemuka mubitangazamakuru bimwe.
Nyuma yo kongeramo nikel, imikorere yicyuma kitagira umwanda irusheho kunozwa, kandi ifite imiti ihamye mumyuka, amazi na parike, kandi ifite kandi ihame rihagije mubisubizo byinshi byamazi ya acide, alkalis hamwe nu munyu, ndetse no mubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa Muri a ubushyuhe buke bwibidukikije, burashobora gukomeza kwihanganira ruswa.
Ukurikije microstructure, ibyuma bidafite ingese bigabanijwemo martensitike, austenitis, ferritic na duplex ibyuma bitagira umuyonga.Austenite ifite plastike nziza, imbaraga nke, gukomera, gutunganya byoroshye no gukora, kandi nta miterere ya ferromagnetiki.
Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bya Austenitike byasohotse mu Budage mu 1913, kandi buri gihe byagize uruhare runini mu byuma bitagira umwanda.Umusaruro nogukoresha bingana na 70% yumusaruro wose nogukoresha ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Hariho kandi amanota menshi yicyuma, kubwibyo ibyuma byinshi bitagira umwanda ubona burimunsi ni ibyuma bya austenitis.
Ibyuma bizwi cyane 304 nicyuma cya austenitis.Ubushinwa bwambere bwigihugu ni 0Cr19Ni9 (0Cr18Ni9), bivuze ko irimo 19% ya Cr (chromium) na 9% ya Ni (nikel).0 bisobanura ibirimo karubone <= 0.07%.
Ibyiza byo kwerekana uburinganire bwigihugu cyUbushinwa nuko ibintu bikubiye mubyuma bitagira umwanda bigaragara neza.Naho 304, 301, 202, nibindi, ayo ni amazina ya Amerika n'Ubuyapani, ariko ubu abantu bose bamenyereye iri zina.
Ikirangantego cyemewe Cromargan 18-10 kubikoresho bya WMF ibyuma bitagira umwanda
Dukunze kubona ibikoresho byo mu gikoni byanditseho amagambo 18-10 na 18-8.Ubu bwoko bwo gushiraho ikimenyetso bugaragaza igipimo cya chromium na nikel mubyuma bidafite ingese.Umubare wa nikel uri hejuru kandi kamere irahagaze neza.
18-8 (nikel itari munsi ya 8) ihuye nicyuma 304.18-10 (nikel itari munsi ya 10) ihuye nicyuma 316 (0Cr17Ni12Mo2), aricyo bita ibyuma bidafite imiti.
304 ibyuma ntabwo ari ibintu byiza, ariko ntabwo bihendutse
Igitekerezo kivuga ko ibyuma bya austenitike 304 bitagira umuyonga biri hejuru cyane biterwa na Xiaomi, wapakiye ibintu bisanzwe bya buri munsi mumyaka mirongo mubicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga buhanitse.
Mu gikoni ibidukikije bya buri munsi, kurwanya ruswa n'umutekano wa 304 birahagije rwose.Biteye imbere cyane 316 (0Cr17Ni12Mo2) ikoreshwa mubikoresho bya shimi, ubuvuzi nizindi nzego, bifite imiti ihamye kandi irwanya ruswa.
Ibyuma bya Austenitike 304 bifite imbaraga nkeya kandi mubisanzwe bikoreshwa mubikoni, mugihe ibyuma bikoresha ibyuma bya martensitike bitagira umuyonga (420, 440), bitarwanya ingese.
Mu bihe byashize, byatekerezaga ko bishobora guteza ibibazo, cyane cyane 201, 202 hamwe nandi marangane arimo ibyuma bitagira umwanda.201 na 202 ibyuma bidafite ingese nibicuruzwa byo hasi cyane mubyuma bidafite ingese, naho 201 na 202 byakozwe kugirango bisimbuze igice cyibyuma 304.Impamvu nuko ugereranije na nikel, manganese ihendutse cyane.Cr-nikel-manganese austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga nka 201 na 202 ni kimwe cya kabiri cyigiciro cyibyuma 304.
Birumvikana ko ibyuma 304 ubwabyo ntabwo bihenze nkuko biri, hafi 6 cyangwa 7 kuri buri catty, hamwe nicyuma 316 na 11 kuri buri catty.Birumvikana ko igiciro cyibintu akenshi atari ikintu gikomeye mubiciro byanyuma.Ibikoresho bitumizwa mu mahanga bitagira umwanda birahenze cyane, ntabwo byose kubera ibikoresho byiza.
Igiciro cyibice kuri toni yicyuma gikora ibyuma ni 1/25 gusa cya chromium na 1/50 cya nikel.Mubiciro bitari inzira ya annealing, ikiguzi cyibikoresho byicyuma cya austenitike kitagira ibyuma bigaragara ko kiri hejuru cyane ugereranije na martensite nicyuma kitagira nikel.Icyuma gikomeye.304 ibyuma birasanzwe ariko ntibihendutse, byibuze mubijyanye nicyuma kibisi.
Ukurikije ibipimo byigihugu bigezweho, ntushobora kumenya icyitegererezo kidashobora gukoreshwa mugikoni
Igipimo cya kera cyigihugu GB9684-1988 giteganya ko ibyuma byo mu rwego rwibiryo bitarimo ibyuma bigabanijwemo ibikoresho., Ibyuma bya Martensitike bidafite ingese (0Cr13, 1Cr13, 2Cr13, 3Cr13) bigomba gukoreshwa. ”
Byoroshye, umuntu reba icyitegererezo cyicyuma kandi uzi ibikoresho bishobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya ibiryo, ibikoresho, ibikoresho.Ikigaragara ni uko igipimo cyigihugu muri kiriya gihe cyerekanaga mu buryo butaziguye ibyuma 304 nkibyuma byo mu rwego rwibiryo.
Nyamara, urwego rwigihugu rwongeye gutangwa nyuma - Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano w’ibiribwa ku bicuruzwa bitagira umwanda GB 9684-2011 ntikigaragaza urutonde rw’icyitegererezo, kandi abantu ntibagishobora kumenya neza icyiciro cy’ibiribwa uhereye ku cyitegererezo.Gusa byavuzwe muri rusange:
“Ibikoresho byo mu bikoresho, ibikoresho byo gukora n'ibikoresho byo gukora, n'ibice by'ingenzi by'ibikoresho bigomba kuba bikozwe mu bikoresho by'ibyuma bitagira umwanda byujuje ubuziranenge bw'igihugu, nk'icyuma cya austenitike, ibyuma bya austenitis ferritic, n'ibyuma bya ferritic;ibikoresho byo kumeza hamwe nimashini zitanga ibiryo Martensitike ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora kandi gukoreshwa kumubiri wibikoresho, nko gucukura no gusya. ”
Mu rwego rushya rw’igihugu, imvura igwa mu byuma ikoreshwa mu kumenya niba ibipimo byujujwe mu bipimo bifatika ndetse n’imiti.
Ibi bivuze ko kubantu basanzwe, mubyukuri biragoye gutandukanya ibyokurya byo murwego rwohejuru ibyuma bitagira umwanda, nkaho hari ikintu gishobora gukorwa, mugihe ntakibazo.
Sinshobora kuvuga, nahitamo nte?
Ikibazo cyumutekano wibyuma bidafite ingese ni manganese.Niba gufata ibyuma biremereye nka manganese birenze igipimo runaka, hazabaho kwangirika kwa sisitemu y'imitsi, nko kubura kwibuka no kubura ingufu.
None se bizatera uburozi kubera gukoresha ibyuma bidafite ingese nka 201 na 202?Igisubizo ntigisobanutse.
Iya mbere ni ukubura ibimenyetso bifatika mubuzima busanzwe.Mubyongeyeho, mubitekerezo, nta bisubizo byemeza.
Hano hari umurongo wa kera muri ibi biganiro: kuvuga uburozi nta dose ni hooliganism.
Kimwe nibindi bintu byinshi, umuntu ntashobora gutandukana na manganese, ariko niba ikurura cyane, bizatera impanuka.Ku bantu bakuru, “urugero ruhagije” rwa manganese ni mg 2-3 ku munsi muri Amerika na 3.5 mg mu Bushinwa.Ku rugero rwo hejuru, ibipimo byashyizweho n'Ubushinwa na Amerika ni mg 10 ku munsi.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, gufata manganese y’abatuye Ubushinwa bingana na mg 6.8 ku munsi, kandi bikavugwa ko manganese yaguye mu bikoresho by’ibyuma 201 ari ntagaciro kandi ko bizahindura cyane ibyo abantu bafata manganese.
Nigute iyi dosiye isanzwe iboneka, izahinduka mugihe kizaza, kandi gufata no kugwa bitangwa na raporo zamakuru bizashidikanywaho.Nigute ushobora guca urubanza muri iki gihe?
Gufunga hepfo ya Fissler 20cm isupu yisupu, ibikoresho: 18-10 ibyuma bidafite ingese
Twizera ko ari akamenyero keza gusuzuma umwihariko wubuzima bwite, gukumira ingaruka ziterwa nimpamvu ziterwa ningaruka ziterwa no guteza ibyago, kandi tugerageza gukurikirana ibikoni byiza kandi byo murwego rwohejuru bikenerwa buri munsi mubihe.
Noneho mugihe ushobora guhitamo 304 na 316, kuki uhitamo izindi?
Zwillan TWIN Classic II Inkono Yimbitse Guteka 20cm Hasi Gufunga
Nigute ushobora kumenya ibyuma bitagira umwanda?
Ibirango bya kera byubudage nka Fissler, WMF na Zwilling bikunze gukoresha 316 (18-10), kandi ibicuruzwa byo hejuru rwose ntibisobanutse.
Abayapani bakoresha 304, kandi akenshi bavuga ibiyigize.
Kubicuruzwa bifite isoko ntabwo byizewe cyane, uburyo bwizewe nukubyohereza muri laboratoire, ariko abaguzi benshi ntabwo bafite iki kibazo.Bamwe mubakoresha urubuga batekereza ko gukoresha magnesi kugirango umenye imiterere ya magneti nuburyo, kandi ko ibyuma bya austenitike 304 bitari magnetique, mugihe ferrite Umubiri nicyuma cya martensitike ari magnetique, ariko mubyukuri ibyuma bya austenitike 304 ntabwo ari magnetique, ahubwo ni magnetique.
Ibyuma bya Austenitike bizagusha kuri martensite nkeya mugihe cyo gukora ubukonje, kandi ifite ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya magnetiki hejuru yuburemere, hejuru yunamye no guca hejuru, kandi ibyuma 201 bitagira umwanda nabyo ni magnetique nkeya, ntabwo rero byizewe gukoresha magnesi.
Icyuma cyerekana ibyuma ntigishobora guhitamo.Mubyukuri, ni ukumenya ibiri muri nikel na molybdenum mubyuma bidafite ingese.Ibintu bya chimique biri muri potion bifata hamwe na nikel na molybdenum mubyuma bidafite ingese kugirango bibe urusobe rwamabara yihariye, kugirango umenye nikel imbere na molybdenum yicyuma.ibigereranyo.
Kurugero, 304 potion, mugihe nikel mugupima ibyuma bitapimwe bitarenze 8%, izerekana ibara, ariko kubera ko nikel yibigize ibyuma bitagira umwanda wa 316, 310 nibindi bikoresho nabyo birenze 8%, niba rero 304 potion ikoreshwa mugutahura 310, 316 Ibyuma bitagira umwanda nabyo bizerekana ibara, niba rero ushaka gutandukanya 304, 310, na 316, ugomba gukoresha amavuta ahuye.Byongeye kandi, icyuma kitagira umwanda ahantu hashobora gutahurwa hashobora gusa kumenya ibiri muri nikel na molybdenum mubyuma bitagira umwanda, ariko ntibishobora kumenya ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Ibiri mubindi bikoresho bya shimi mubyuma bidafite umwanda, nka chromium, niba rero ushaka kumenya amakuru yukuri ya buri kintu cyimiti mubyuma bidafite umwanda, ugomba kubyohereza mubizamini byumwuga.
Mu isesengura ryanyuma, guhitamo ikirango cyizewe nuburyo bwo gusohoka mugihe ibintu byemewe
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-08-2022