Waba uri SQE cyangwa ugura, waba umuyobozi cyangwa injeniyeri, mubikorwa byo gucunga amasoko yikigo, uzajya muruganda kugenzura cyangwa kwakira ubugenzuzi kubandi.
None intego yo kugenzura uruganda niyihe?Inzira yo kugenzura uruganda nigute wagera ku ntego yo kugenzura uruganda?Nuwuhe mutego uhuriweho uzatuyobya mugucira urubanza ibisubizo byubugenzuzi bwuruganda, kugirango tumenye ibicuruzwa bitujuje filozofiya yubucuruzi nibisabwa nubuyobozi muri sisitemu yo gutanga amasosiyete?
2. Inzira yo kugenzura uruganda nigute uruganda rushobora kugenzurwa kugirango rugere ku ntego yo kugenzura uruganda?
1. Intego yo kugenzura uruganda niyihe?
Umwe mu baguzi (abakiriya) yizera ko azumva neza abashobora gutanga ibicuruzwa binyuze mu igenzura ry’uruganda, akabona amakuru yihariye ku bushobozi bw’ubucuruzi, igipimo cy’umusaruro, imicungire y’ubuziranenge, urwego rwa tekiniki, umubano w’umurimo n’inshingano z’imibereho, n'ibindi, kandi ukagereranya aya makuru hamwe nawo nyir'ugutanga ibicuruzwa byinjira byapimwe kandi bigasuzumwa neza, hanyuma guhitamo bikorwa ukurikije ibisubizo by'isuzuma.Raporo yubugenzuzi bwuruganda itanga ishingiro kubaguzi kugirango bamenye niba utanga isoko ashobora gufatanya igihe kirekire.
Igenzura rya kabiri ryuruganda rirashobora kandi gufasha abaguzi (abakiriya) kugumana izina ryiza niterambere rirambye.Bikunze kugaragara ko ibitangazamakuru bimwe byo hanze byerekana imikoreshereze yimirimo ikoreshwa abana, imirimo yo muri gereza cyangwa gukoresha imirimo ikomeye n’ikimenyetso kizwi cyane, (nka swathop ya Apple muri Vietnam).Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibyo bicuruzwa ntabwo byaciwe amande menshi, ahubwo byanashyizwemo ingufu n’abaguzi.kurwanya.
Muri iki gihe, kugenzura uruganda ntabwo bikenewe gusa n’isosiyete igura ubwayo, ahubwo ni ingamba zikenewe mu mategeko y’Uburayi na Amerika.
Nibyo, ibi bisobanuro byanditse gato.Mubyukuri, intego ya benshi muritwe tujya muruganda iroroshye muriki cyiciro.Icyambere, dukeneye kureba niba uruganda rubaho;icya kabiri, dukeneye kureba niba imiterere nyayo yuruganda ijyanye nibikoresho byamamaza nubucuruzi.Abakozi babivuze neza.
2. Inzira yo kugenzura uruganda nigute uruganda rushobora kugenzurwa kugirango rugere ku ntego yo kugenzura uruganda?
1. Itumanaho hagati yabaguzi nabatanga isoko
Sobanura hakiri kare igihe cyo kugenzura uruganda, abagize abakozi, nibintu bisaba ubufatanye bwuruganda mugihe cyo kugenzura uruganda.
Abantu bamwe basanzwe bakeneye uruganda gutanga amakuru yabo yibanze mbere yubugenzuzi bwuruganda, nkuruhushya rwubucuruzi, kwandikisha imisoro, banki ifungura konti, nibindi, kandi bamwe bakeneye no kuzuza raporo yubugenzuzi burambuye yatanzwe nuwaguze.
Kurugero, Nakoraga mu ruganda rwatewe inkunga na Tayiwani, kandi Sony yaje mu kigo cyacu kugenzura uruganda.Mbere yo kugenzura uruganda, batanze raporo kubigenzuzi byabo.Ibirimo birasobanutse neza.Hano hari imishinga amagana.Umusaruro wikigo, Kwamamaza, ubwubatsi, ubuziranenge, ububiko, abakozi nandi masano afite ibintu bisubirwamo.
2. Inama yambere yo kugenzura uruganda
Intangiriro ngufi kumpande zombi.Tegura abaherekeza kandi utegure ubugenzuzi bwuruganda.Nibisanzwe nkibisubirwamo ISO
3. Gusubiramo sisitemu yinyandiko
Niba sisitemu yinyandiko yisosiyete yuzuye.Kurugero, niba isosiyete ifite ishami rishinzwe kugura, hari inyandiko yibikorwa byo kugura?Kurugero, niba isosiyete ifite igishushanyo niterambere, hari sisitemu yinyandiko yo gukora inyandiko za progaramu yo gushushanya nibikorwa byiterambere?Niba nta dosiye y'ingenzi, ni ngombwa kubura.
4. Gusubiramo kurubuga
Ahanini jya ahabereye kureba, nk'amahugurwa, ububiko 5S, ibikoresho byo gukingira umuriro, kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa biteje akaga, kumenyekanisha ibintu, igishushanyo mbonera n'ibindi.Kurugero, niba urupapuro rwo kubungabunga imashini rwujujwe mubyukuri.Hari umuntu wasinye nibindi?
5. Kubaza abakozi, kubaza ibibazo
Guhitamo ibintu byo kubaza abakozi birashobora gutoranywa kurutonde rwisosiyete, cyangwa birashobora gutorwa uko bishakiye, nko guhitamo nkana abakozi batarageza ku myaka iri hagati yimyaka 16 na 18, cyangwa abafite nimero yakazi banditswe nabagenzuzi mugihe- kugenzura urubuga Umukozi.
Ibiri mu kiganiro ahanini bifitanye isano nu mushahara, amasaha yakazi hamwe nakazi keza.Mu rwego rwo kurengera uburenganzira n’inyungu z’abakozi, gahunda yo kubaza ibikwa mu ibanga n’uruganda, nta bakozi bashinzwe imicungire y’uruganda bemerewe kuhaba, cyangwa ngo bemererwe kuguma mu gace kegereye icyumba cy’ibazwa.
Niba utarasobanukirwa nibibazo bimwe na bimwe mugihe cyo kugenzura uruganda, urashobora kongera kuvugana nubuyobozi bwikigo kugirango umenye byinshi kubyabaye.
6. Inama y'incamake
Ibyiza n'ibinyuranyo bigaragara mugihe cyo kugenzura uruganda.Iyi ncamake izemezwa kandi isinywe nuruganda ahabigenewe muburyo bwanditse.Ibintu bidahuye bigomba guhinduka, mugihe bigomba kunozwa, ninde uzabirangiza, nandi makuru azoherezwa kumugenzuzi wuruganda kugirango abyemeze mugihe runaka.Ibishoboka byo kugenzura uruganda rwa kabiri n'urwa gatatu ntabwo byanze bikunze.
Igikorwa cyo kugenzura uruganda rwabakiriya ahanini ni kimwe nubugenzuzi bwuruganda rwa ISO, ariko hariho itandukaniro.ISO kugenzura uruganda nugusaba amafaranga yisosiyete, kugirango ifashe isosiyete kubona ibitagenda neza no kunoza ibitagenda neza hanyuma amaherezo yujuje ibisabwa.
Iyo abakiriya baza kugenzura uruganda, bagenzura cyane cyane niba sosiyete yujuje ibyo basabwa kandi niba wujuje ibisabwa kugirango ube isoko ryabo ryujuje ibyangombwa.Ntabwo agusaba amafaranga, birakomeye kuruta ubugenzuzi bwa ISO.
3.Uburambe nyabwo bwo kurwana bwavuzwe muri make kuburyo bukurikira:
1. Inyandiko zirimo ibicu
Mubisanzwe, ntukeneye kureba dosiye nyinshi cyane.Porogaramu dosiye ziroroshye cyane gukora.Urashobora gutsinda uruganda rwa ISO.Muri rusange ntakibazo gihari muriki kibazo.Nkumusubiramo, ibuka gusoma inyandiko nke nizindi nyandiko.Reba niba bakurikiza inyandiko.
2. Inyandiko imwe nta busobanuro ifite
Gusubiramo ukoresheje umutwe.Kurugero, urabaza ishami rishinzwe kugura niba hari urutonde rwabatanga ibyangombwa?Kurugero, niba ubajije ishami rishinzwe igenamigambi niba hari gahunda yumusaruro, kurugero, niba ubajije ishami ryubucuruzi niba hari isubiramo ryibicuruzwa?
Kurugero, urabaza ishami ryubuziranenge niba hari ubugenzuzi bwinjira?Niba basabwe gushaka ibyo bikoresho kugiti cyabo, barashobora rwose kubitanga.Niba badashobora kubaha, uruganda nkurwo ntirukeneye gusubirwamo.Genda murugo ujye kuryama ushake undi.
Bikwiye gucirwa urubanza gute?Biroroshye cyane.Kurugero, itegeko ryumukiriya ryatoranijwe kubushake, ishami ryubucuruzi risabwa gutanga raporo yisubiramo ryiri teka, ishami rishinzwe igenamigambi risabwa gutanga gahunda y'ibikoresho bifatika bijyanye n'iri teka, kandi ishami rishinzwe kugura risabwa gutanga ibyaguzwe itegeko rihuye niri teka, Baza ishami rishinzwe kugura gutanga niba abakora kuri aya mabwiriza yubuguzi bari kurutonde rwabatanga ibyangombwa, saba ishami ryubuziranenge gutanga raporo yubugenzuzi bwinjira bwibikoresho, saba ishami ryubwubatsi gutanga SOP ijyanye nayo , kandi usabe ishami rishinzwe umusaruro gutanga raporo yumusaruro buri munsi ijyanye na gahunda yumusaruro, nibindi Tegereza.
Niba udashobora kubona ikibazo nyuma yo kugenzura inzira zose, bivuze ko uruganda nkurwo rwizewe rwose.
3. Kwisubiramo kurubuga ni ingingo yingenzi, kandi icyingenzi nukumenya niba hari ibikoresho bigezweho byo kugenzura ibikoresho.
Inyandiko zirashobora kwandikwa neza nabantu benshi, ariko ntibyoroshye cyane kubeshya.Cyane cyane ahantu hapfuye.Nkubwiherero, nkintambwe, nkinkomoko yicyitegererezo kumashini nibikoresho, nibindi. Ubugenzuzi butamenyeshejwe bukora neza.
4. Kubaza abakozi, kubaza ibibazo
Kubazwa nabayobozi birashobora kubona ibisubizo kubisubizo byabo.Kubaza abakozi ni byinshi kubyumva kuruta kubaza.Isubiramo ntikeneye isosiyete y'uruganda ngo iguherekeze.Nibyiza cyane kujya muri resitora yabakozi ugahitamo aho musangirira hamwe nabakozi mukaganira bisanzwe kuruta uko ubisaba umunsi.
4. Ni izihe mitego isanzwe izayobya imyanzuro yacu kubisubizo byubugenzuzi bwuruganda:
1. Igishoro cyanditswe.
Inshuti nyinshi zibwira ko igishoro cyinshi cyanditse bivuze ko uruganda rufite imbaraga.Mubyukuri, ntabwo aribyo.Haba hari 100w cyangwa 1000w mu Bushinwa, isosiyete ifite imari shingiro ya 100w cyangwa 1000w irashobora kwandikwa mu Bushinwa, ariko birakenewe gusa gukoresha amafaranga menshi muri sosiyete yanditswe na agent.Ntabwo akeneye gukuramo 100w cyangwa 1000w kwiyandikisha na gato.
2. Ibisubizo by'abandi bantu basubiramo, nka ISO isubiramo, QS isubiramo.
Biroroshye cyane kubona icyemezo cya ISO mubushinwa ubungubu, kandi urashobora kugura kimwe nyuma yo gukoresha 1-2w.Mvugishije ukuri rero, mubyukuri sinshobora kwemeranya nicyo cyemezo cya iso gihenze.
Ariko, hano hari amayeri make.Ninini ibyemezo byuruganda ISO, ningirakamaro cyane, kuberako abagenzuzi ba ISO badashaka kumena ibimenyetso byabo.Bashobora kugurisha cyane ibyemezo bya iso.
Hariho kandi ibyemezo bya ISO byemeza amasosiyete azwi cyane azwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nka CQC y'Ubushinwa, Saibao, na TUV yo mu Budage.
3. Sisitemu ya dosiye nziza.
Inyandiko yanditse neza kandi irangizwa.Ndetse dosiye nibikorwa nyirizina nibintu bitandukanye rwose.Mu nganda zimwe, kugirango duhangane nisubiramo, hariho abantu badasanzwe bakora dosiye za ISO, ariko ntamuntu numwe uzi umubare wabantu baguma mubiro bakandika dosiye bazi imikorere nyayo yikigo.
4. Reka twumve ibyiciro nuburyo bwo kugenzura uruganda rwamasosiyete yuburayi na Amerika:
Ubugenzuzi bwuruganda rwamasosiyete yuburayi n’abanyamerika mubusanzwe bukurikiza amahame amwe, kandi ibigo ubwabyo cyangwa ibigo byabashinzwe ubugenzuzi byemewe-bigenzura ubugenzuzi nisuzuma kubatanga isoko.
Ibigo bitandukanye bifite ibipimo bitandukanye byubugenzuzi kumishinga itandukanye, bityo kugenzura uruganda ntabwo ari imyitwarire rusange, ariko igipimo cyibipimo byemejwe kiratandukanye ukurikije ibihe bitandukanye.Nka Lego ihagarika, ibipimo bitandukanye byo kugenzura uruganda byubatswe.
Ibi bice birashobora kugabanywamo ibice bine: ubugenzuzi bwuburenganzira bwa muntu, ubugenzuzi bwo kurwanya iterabwoba, ubugenzuzi bufite ireme, n’ubugenzuzi bw’ibidukikije, ubuzima n’umutekano.
Icyiciro cya mbere, kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu
Kumenyekanisha kumugaragaro nkubugenzuzi bwimibereho, ubugenzuzi bwinshingano mbonezamubano, gusuzuma uruganda rushinzwe imibereho nibindi.Igabanyijemo kandi ibyemezo byuburenganzira rusange bwibigo (nka SA8000, ICTI, BSCI, WRAP, icyemezo cya SMETA, nibindi) hamwe nubugenzuzi busanzwe bwabakiriya (bizwi kandi no kugenzura uruganda rwa COC nka: WAL-MART, DISNEY, Carrefour kugenzura uruganda, nibindi).
Iyi "ubugenzuzi bwuruganda" ishyirwa mubikorwa muburyo bubiri.
1. Icyemezo cy'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage Icyemezo
Icyemezo cy’ibikorwa by’imibereho rusange byerekana ibikorwa aho umushinga utezimbere gahunda yimibereho myiza yabaturage yemerera amashyirahamwe yandi atagira aho abogamiye gusuzuma niba imishinga isaba gutsinda igipimo runaka ishobora kuba yujuje ibipimo byagenwe.
Umuguzi niwe usaba ibigo byabashinwa gutambutsa ibyemezo mpuzamahanga, uturere cyangwa inganda "inshingano zimibereho" kandi bakabona ibyemezo byimpamyabumenyi nkibishingiro byo kugura cyangwa gutanga ibicuruzwa.
Ibipimo nkibi birimo SA8000, ICTI, EICC, WRAP, BSCI, ICS, SMETA, nibindi.
2. Igenzura risanzwe ryabakiriya (Code of imyitwarire)
Mbere yo kugura ibicuruzwa cyangwa gutanga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, amasosiyete mpuzamahanga asuzuma mu buryo butaziguye ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’inshingano z’imibereho myiza y’amasosiyete, cyane cyane ibipimo by’umurimo, by’ibigo by’Ubushinwa hakurikijwe amahame y’imibereho myiza yashyizweho n’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga, bakunze kwita amahame agenga imyitwarire.
Muri rusange, ibigo binini n’ibiciriritse bifite amasosiyete mpuzamahanga afite amategeko agenga imyitwarire, nka Wal-Mart, Disney, Nike, Carrefour, BROWNSHOE, PAYLESSS HOESOURCE, VIEWPOINT, Macy ndetse n’ibindi bihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika.Amatsinda yitsinda mumyenda, inkweto, ibikenerwa bya buri munsi, gucuruza nizindi nganda.Ubu buryo bwitwa igice cya kabiri cyo kwemeza.
Ibikubiye muri ibyo byemezo byombi bishingiye ku bipimo mpuzamahanga by’umurimo, bisaba ko abatanga ibicuruzwa bagomba gukora inshingano zimwe na zimwe mu bijyanye n’imibereho y’abakozi n’imibereho y’abakozi.
Mugereranije, icyemezo cy-igice cya kabiri cyagaragaye mbere kandi gifite ubwisanzure n’ingirakamaro, mugihe ibipimo nogusuzuma ibyemezo byabandi birasobanutse neza.
Icyiciro cya kabiri, kugenzura uruganda rwo kurwanya iterabwoba
Imwe mu ngamba zo guhangana n’ibikorwa by’iterabwoba byagaragaye nyuma y’ibyabaye ku ya 9/11 muri Amerika muri 2001. Hariho uburyo bubiri bwa C-TPAT kandi byemewe na GSV.Kugeza ubu, abakiriya bemewe cyane ni icyemezo cya GSV gitangwa na ITS.
1. C-TPAT Kurwanya Iterabwoba
Ubufatanye bwa gasutamo n’ubucuruzi mu kurwanya iterabwoba (C-TPAT) bugamije gufatanya n’inganda zibishinzwe gushyiraho uburyo bwo gucunga umutekano wo gutanga amasoko kugira ngo umutekano w’ubwikorezi, amakuru y’umutekano hamwe n’imiterere y’imizigo uva aho uva ugana.kuzenguruka, bityo bikabuza kwinjira mu iterabwoba.
2. GSV kurwanya iterabwoba
Global Security Verification (GSV) ni gahunda ya serivise yubucuruzi iyoboye ku rwego mpuzamahanga itanga inkunga yo guteza imbere no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa ku isi, birimo umutekano w’uruganda, ububiko, gupakira, gupakira no kohereza n'ibindi.
Inshingano za sisitemu ya GSV ni ugufatanya n’abatanga ibicuruzwa n’abatumiza mu mahanga mu rwego rwo guteza imbere gahunda y’icyemezo cy’umutekano ku isi, gufasha abanyamuryango bose gushimangira umutekano w’umutekano no kugenzura ingaruka, kunoza imikorere y’ibicuruzwa, no kugabanya ibiciro.
C.Kugirango umutekano urusheho kwiyongera kuva ibicuruzwa byatangiye kugera aho bijya, kugabanya igihombo no gutsindira abacuruzi benshi bo muri Amerika.
Icyiciro cya gatatu, ubugenzuzi bufite ireme
Bizwi kandi nk'ubugenzuzi bufite ireme cyangwa isuzuma ry'ubushobozi bw'umusaruro, bivuga ubugenzuzi bw'uruganda rushingiye ku bipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'umuguzi runaka.Ibipimo byayo akenshi ntabwo ari "ibipimo rusange", bitandukanye no kwemeza sisitemu ya ISO9001.
Ugereranije n'ubugenzuzi bw'imibereho hamwe n'ubugenzuzi bwo kurwanya iterabwoba, ubugenzuzi bufite ireme ntibukunze kubaho.Kandi ingorane zo kugenzura nazo ntiziri munsi yubugenzuzi bwimibereho.Fata urugero rwa FCCA ya Walmart.
Izina ryuzuye rya Wal-mart iherutse gutangizwa ubugenzuzi bwuruganda rwa FCCA ni: Uruganda Ubushobozi & Ubushobozi bwo Gusuzuma, aribwo umusaruro w’uruganda no gusuzuma ubushobozi.Harimo ibintu bikurikira:
1. Ibikoresho byuruganda nibidukikije
2. Guhindura imashini no kuyifata neza
3. Sisitemu yo gucunga neza
4. Kugenzura ibikoresho byinjira
5. Igenzura no kugenzura umusaruro
6. Kwipimisha mu nzu
7. Igenzura rya nyuma
Icyiciro cya kane, ubuzima bwibidukikije nubugenzuzi bwumutekano
Kurengera ibidukikije, ubuzima n’umutekano, amagambo ahinnye yicyongereza EHS.Mu gihe umuryango wose wita cyane ku bibazo by’ubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije n’umutekano, ubuyobozi bwa EHS bwahindutse buva mu mirimo ifasha gusa yo gucunga imishinga ihinduka igice cy’ingenzi mu mikorere irambye y’ibigo.
Ibigo bisaba ubugenzuzi bwa EHS birimo: Amashanyarazi rusange, Amashusho Yose, Nike, nibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-07-2022