Iyi ngingo ivuga mu ncamake uburyo 11 bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge, ikanatangiza buri bwoko bwubugenzuzi.Ubwishingizi buruzuye, kandi ndizera ko bushobora gufasha abantu bose.
01 Gutondekanya ukurikije gahunda y'ibikorwa
1. Igenzura ryinjira
Igisobanuro: Igenzura ryakozwe nuruganda kubikoresho byaguzwe byaguzwe, ibice byaguzwe, ibice byoherejwe hanze, ibice byunganira, ibikoresho byunganira, ibicuruzwa bifasha nibicuruzwa bitarangiye mbere yo kubika.Intego: Kurinda ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibyangombwa kwinjira mububiko, kubuza ikoreshwa ryibicuruzwa bitujuje ibisabwa kugira ingaruka ku bwiza bwibicuruzwa no kugira ingaruka ku bicuruzwa bisanzwe.Ibisabwa: Abagenzuzi b'igihe cyose baza bakora ubugenzuzi bakurikije ibisobanuro byubugenzuzi (harimo na gahunda yo kugenzura).Ibyiciro: Harimo icyiciro cya mbere (igice) cyicyitegererezo cyinjira hamwe nubugenzuzi bwinjira.
2. Kugenzura inzira
Igisobanuro ： Bizwi kandi nk'igenzura ry'ibikorwa, ni ubugenzuzi bwibiranga ibicuruzwa byakozwe muri buri gikorwa cyo gukora mugihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa.Intego: Kugenzura niba ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibyangombwa muri buri gikorwa bitazatembera mubikorwa bikurikiraho, bikarinda gutunganya ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibyangombwa, kandi bigatanga umusaruro usanzwe.Ifite uruhare rwo kugenzura inzira no kwemeza ishyirwa mubikorwa ryibisabwa.Ibisabwa: Abakozi bashinzwe igenzura ryigihe cyose bagomba gukora igenzura bakurikije inzira yumusaruro (harimo na gahunda yo kugenzura) nibisobanuro byubugenzuzi.Ibyiciro: ubugenzuzi bwa mbere;ubugenzuzi bw'irondo;ubugenzuzi bwa nyuma.
3. Ikizamini gisoza
Igisobanuro ： Bizwi kandi nko kugenzura ibicuruzwa byarangiye, kugenzura ibicuruzwa byarangiye ni ubugenzuzi bwuzuye bwibicuruzwa nyuma yumusaruro urangiye na mbere yuko ibicuruzwa bishyirwa mububiko.Intego: Kurinda ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibisabwa gutembera kubakiriya.Ibisabwa: Ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge bwikigo rishinzwe kugenzura ibicuruzwa byarangiye.Igenzura rigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza ari mu gitabo cyo kugenzura ibicuruzwa byarangiye.Igenzura ryibyiciro byinshi byibicuruzwa byarangiye bikorwa muburyo bwo kugenzura imibare.Kubicuruzwa byatsinze igenzura, amahugurwa arashobora gukemura uburyo bwo kubika nyuma yuko umugenzuzi atanze icyemezo cyuko bihuye.Ibicuruzwa byose byujuje ibyangombwa byuzuye bigomba gusubizwa mumahugurwa yo kongera gukora, gusana, kumanura cyangwa gusiba.Ibicuruzwa byakozwe kandi byongeye gukorwa bigomba kongera kugenzurwa kubintu byose, kandi abagenzuzi bagomba gukora inyandiko nziza yubugenzuzi bwibicuruzwa byakozwe kandi byongeye gukorwa kugirango barebe ko ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa bikurikiranwa.Kugenzura ibicuruzwa bisanzwe birangiye: kugenzura ingano yuzuye, kugenzura ibicuruzwa bigaragara, GP12 (ibisabwa byihariye byabakiriya), ikizamini cyubwoko, nibindi.
02 Bishyizwe hamwe nubugenzuzi
1. Igenzura ryibanze Ibicuruzwa byagenzuwe byibanze ahantu hagenwe kugirango bigenzurwe, nka sitasiyo yubugenzuzi.Mubisanzwe, ubugenzuzi bwa nyuma bukoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura hagati.
2. Kugenzura ahakorerwa ubugenzuzi Kumwanya, bizwi kandi nko kugenzura aho, bivuga ubugenzuzi ahakorerwa ibicuruzwa cyangwa ahabikwa ibicuruzwa.Igenzura rusange cyangwa igenzura rya nyuma ryibicuruzwa binini bifata ubugenzuzi aho.
3. Igenzura rya terefone igendanwa (ubugenzuzi) Abagenzuzi bagomba gukora igenzura ryiza ryimikorere kubikorwa byakozwe ahakorerwa.Abagenzuzi bagomba gukora ubugenzuzi bakurikije inshuro nubunini bwubugenzuzi bugaragara muri gahunda yo kugenzura no kugenzura amabwiriza, no kubika inyandiko.Inzira yo kugenzura ubuziranenge igomba kuba intumbero yo kugenzura ingendo.Abagenzuzi bagomba kwerekana ibisubizo byubugenzuzi ku mbonerahamwe igenzura.Iyo ubugenzuzi bwurugendo busanze hari ikibazo kijyanye nubwiza bwibikorwa, kuruhande rumwe, birakenewe kumenya icyateye inzira idasanzwe hamwe nuwayikoresheje, gufata ingamba zifatika zo gukosora, no kugarura inzira kugenzurwa leta;Mbere yo kugenzura, ibihangano byose byatunganijwe birasuzumwa 100% bisubirwamo kugirango birinde ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibisabwa gutembera mubikorwa bikurikira cyangwa amaboko yabakiriya.
03 Byashyizwe muburyo bwo kugenzura
1. Ikizamini cyumubiri nubumashini Kugenzura kumubiri nubumashini bivuga uburyo bwo gushingira cyane cyane kubikoresho byo gupima, ibikoresho, metero, ibikoresho byo gupima cyangwa uburyo bwa chimique bwo kugenzura ibicuruzwa no kubona ibisubizo byubugenzuzi.
2. Ikizamini cya Sensory Igenzura rya Sensory, rizwi kandi nk'igenzura ry'ibyumviro, rishingiye ku ngingo z'ibyumviro by'umuntu gusuzuma cyangwa gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa.Kurugero, imiterere, ibara, impumuro, inkovu, urwego rwo gusaza, nibindi bicuruzwa bigenzurwa ningingo zumviro zabantu nko kureba, kumva, gukoraho cyangwa kunuka, no gusuzuma ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa cyangwa niba byujuje ibisabwa cyangwa ntabwo.Kwipimisha ibyumviro birashobora kugabanywamo: Gukunda ikizamini cyunvikana: nko kuryoherwa na vino, kuryoha icyayi no kumenya ibicuruzwa nibisanzwe.Biterwa nuburambe bufatika bwubugenzuzi kugirango bafate imyanzuro ikwiye kandi ifatika.Ikizamini cyisesengura: Nkugenzura aho gari ya moshi igenzurwa no kugenzura ibikoresho, gushingira ku byiyumvo byamaboko, amaso, n'amatwi kugirango harebwe ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, urusaku, n'ibindi. Ingaruka y'ibicuruzwa.Binyuze mumikoreshereze nyayo cyangwa igeragezwa ryibicuruzwa, reba uburyo ikoreshwa ryibicuruzwa biranga.
04 Itondekanya numubare wibicuruzwa byagenzuwe
1. Ikizamini cyuzuye
Igenzura ryuzuye, rizwi kandi nk'igenzura 100%, ni igenzura ryuzuye ry'ibicuruzwa byose byatanzwe kugirango bigenzurwe ukurikije ibipimo byagenwe umwe umwe.Twabibutsa ko nubwo ubugenzuzi bwose bwatewe nubugenzuzi butari bwo no kubura ubugenzuzi, nta cyemeza ko bujuje ibisabwa 100%.
Kugenzura icyitegererezo
Igenzura ry'icyitegererezo ni uguhitamo umubare wihariye w'icyitegererezo mu cyiciro cy'ubugenzuzi ukurikije gahunda y'icyitegererezo yagenwe mbere yo gukora icyitegererezo, no kwemeza niba icyiciro cyujuje ibyangombwa cyangwa kitujuje ibisabwa binyuze mu igenzura ry'icyitegererezo.
3. Gusonerwa
Ni cyane cyane gusonera ibicuruzwa byatsindiye ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge ishami ryigihugu ryemewe cyangwa ibicuruzwa byizewe mugihe biguzwe, kandi niba byemewe cyangwa bitemewe bishobora gushingira kubyemezo byabatanga cyangwa amakuru yubugenzuzi.Iyo usonewe ubugenzuzi, abakiriya akenshi bagomba kugenzura imikorere yumusaruro.Ubugenzuzi bushobora gukorwa no kohereza abakozi cyangwa kubona imbonerahamwe yo kugenzura ibikorwa.
05 Gutondekanya amakuru yimiterere kubiranga ubuziranenge
1. Kugenzura agaciro k'ibipimo
Igenzura ryagaciro ryapimwe rigomba gupima no kwandika agaciro kihariye kuranga ubuziranenge, kubona amakuru yagaciro yo gupimwa, no gusuzuma niba ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa ukurikije igereranya ryagaciro ryamakuru nibisanzwe.Amakuru yubuziranenge yabonetse mugupima agaciro kapimwe arashobora gusesengurwa nuburyo bwibarurishamibare nka histogrammes hamwe nimbonerahamwe yo kugenzura, kandi amakuru meza arashobora kuboneka.
2. Kubara ikizamini cyagaciro
Kugirango tunoze imikorere yumusaruro mubikorwa byinganda, igipimo ntarengwa (nka plug guge, snap gauges, nibindi) bikoreshwa mugusuzuma.Ibyiza byabonetse byabaruwe ni imibare yagaciro nkumubare wibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa n'umubare w'ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibyangombwa, ariko indangagaciro zihariye ziranga ubuziranenge ntizishobora kuboneka.
06 Gutondekanya ukurikije uko icyitegererezo kimeze nyuma yo kugenzura
1. Igenzura ryangiza
Igenzura ryangiza risobanura ko ibisubizo byubugenzuzi (nkubushobozi bwo guturika ibisasu, imbaraga zibikoresho byicyuma, nibindi) bishobora kuboneka nyuma yicyitegererezo kigomba gusuzumwa.Nyuma yikizamini cyangiza, ingero zapimwe zitakaza burundu agaciro kazo gakoreshwa, bityo ingano yicyitegererezo ni nto kandi ibyago byo kwipimisha ni byinshi.2. Igenzura ridasenya Igenzura ridasenya bivuga kugenzura ko ibicuruzwa bitangiritse kandi ubwiza bwibicuruzwa ntibuhinduka cyane mugihe cyo kugenzura.Ubugenzuzi bwinshi, nko gupima ibipimo by'ibice, ni ubugenzuzi budasenya.
07 Gutondekanya ukurikije intego yo kugenzura
1. Kugenzura umusaruro
Igenzura ry'umusaruro bivuga ubugenzuzi bwakozwe n’uruganda rutanga umusaruro kuri buri cyiciro cyibikorwa byose byakozwe kugirango habeho ibicuruzwa, hagamijwe kwemeza ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa byakozwe n’uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa.Igenzura ry'umusaruro rishyira mu bikorwa ibipimo ngenzuramikorere by’umuryango.
2. Kugenzura ibyakiriwe
Igenzura ryakirwa ni ubugenzuzi bwakozwe nabakiriya (uruhande rusaba) mugusuzuma no kwakira ibicuruzwa bitangwa numushinga utanga umusaruro (utanga isoko).Intego yo kugenzura kwemerwa ni kubakiriya kugirango barebe neza ibicuruzwa byemewe.Ibipimo byo kwemererwa nyuma yubugenzuzi bwakirwa bikorwa kandi byemejwe nuwabitanze.
3. Kugenzura no kugenzura
Kugenzura no kugenzura bivuga kugenzura no kugenzura isoko ku buryo butemewe n’ubugenzuzi bwakozwe n’ibigo byigenga by’ubugenzuzi byemewe n’inzego zibishinzwe zibifitiye ububasha mu nzego zose, hakurikijwe gahunda yashyizweho n’ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge n’imicungire y’ubuziranenge, hifashishijwe ibicuruzwa biva ku isoko cyangwa byatoranijwe neza. ibicuruzwa biva mubakora.Intego yo kugenzura no kugenzura ni ukugenzura ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa bishyirwa ku isoko kurwego rwa macro.
4. Ikizamini cyo kugenzura
Igenzura ryerekana ubugenzuzi bwerekana ko ikigo cyigenga cyigenga cyemewe n’inzego za leta zibifitiye ububasha mu nzego zose gifata ingero ku bicuruzwa byakozwe n’uruganda, kandi bikagenzura niba ibicuruzwa byakozwe n’uruganda byujuje ibisabwa n’ibipimo ngenderwaho byashyizwe mu bikorwa binyuze mu igenzura.Kurugero, ubwoko bwikizamini mubicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge ni ibizamini byo kugenzura.
5. Ikizamini cy'ubukemurampaka
Igenzura ry'ubukemurampaka risobanura ko iyo habaye impaka hagati y’umutanga n’umuguzi bitewe n’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, ikigo cyigenga cy’ubugenzuzi cyemewe n’inzego za Leta zibifitiye ububasha mu nzego zose kizajya gifata ibyitegererezo kugira ngo kigenzurwe kandi gitange ikigo nkemurampaka nk’ubuhanga bwa tekiniki ku cyemezo .
08 Gutondekanya kubitangwa nibisabwa
1. Igenzura rya mbere
Ubugenzuzi bwambere-bwambere bugenzura ubugenzuzi bwakozwe nuwabikoze ubwayo kubicuruzwa bitanga.Igenzura ryambere-mubyukuri ni ubugenzuzi bwumusaruro bikorwa nishyirahamwe ubwaryo.
2. Igenzura rya kabiri
Umukoresha (umukiriya, uruhande rusaba) yitwa ishyaka rya kabiri.Igenzura ryakozwe nuwaguze kubicuruzwa byaguzwe cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo, ibice byaguzwe, ibice byoherejwe hamwe nibicuruzwa byunganira byitwa ubugenzuzi bwa kabiri.Igenzura ry-igice cya kabiri mubyukuri ni ubugenzuzi no kwemerwa nuwabitanze.
3. Igenzura ryabandi
Inzego zigenga zigenga zemewe n’inzego za leta mu nzego zose zitwa abandi bantu.Ubugenzuzi bwabandi burimo ubugenzuzi bwubugenzuzi, kugenzura kugenzura, kugenzura ubukemurampaka, nibindi.
09 Byashyizwe mu bikorwa n'umugenzuzi
1. Kwipimisha
Kwisuzuma ubwabyo bivuga kugenzura ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibice bitunganywa nababikora ubwabo.Intego yo kwisuzumisha ni iyumukoresha kugirango yumve ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa bitunganijwe cyangwa ibice binyuze mu igenzura, kugirango uhore uhindura imikorere yumusaruro kugirango ubyare ibicuruzwa cyangwa ibice byujuje byuzuye ibisabwa.
Kugenzurana
Kugenzurana ni ukugenzurana ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe nabakoresha ubwoko bumwe bwakazi cyangwa inzira yo hejuru no hepfo.Intego yo kugenzura ni ukumenya ku gihe ibibazo by’ubuziranenge bidahuye n’amabwiriza agenga inzira binyuze mu igenzura, kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba zo gukosora igihe kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe neza
3. Igenzura ryihariye
Ubugenzuzi budasanzwe bivuga ubugenzuzi bwakozwe n'abakozi bayoborwa mu buryo butaziguye n'ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ikigo kandi bakora ubugenzuzi bufite ireme igihe cyose.
10 Gutondekanya ukurikije ibice bigize sisitemu yo kugenzura
1. Gufata ukoresheje igenzura ryicyiciro Kugenzura ibyiciro byerekanwa kugenzura buri cyiciro cyibicuruzwa byakozwe mugikorwa cyo gukora.Intego yo kugenzura buri cyiciro ni ugusuzuma niba icyiciro cyibicuruzwa cyujuje ibisabwa cyangwa kidafite.
Kugenzura ibihe
Igenzura ryigihe ni ubugenzuzi bukorwa mugihe runaka (igihembwe cyangwa ukwezi) uhereye mugice runaka cyangwa mubice byinshi byatsinze igenzura ryicyiciro.Intego yo kugenzura buri gihe ni ukureba niba inzira yumusaruro mukuzunguruka ihagaze.
3. Isano iri hagati yo kugenzura buri gihe no kugenzura buri cyiciro
Kugenzura ibihe no kugenzura ibyiciro bigize sisitemu yuzuye yo kugenzura ikigo.Igenzura ryigihe ni ubugenzuzi kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka ziterwa na sisitemu mugikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro, mugihe igenzura rya buri cyiciro ni ubugenzuzi kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka ziterwa nimpanuka.Byombi nuburyo bwuzuye bwo kugenzura gutangiza no kubungabunga umusaruro.Igenzura ryigihe nikibanza cyo kugenzura buri cyiciro, kandi ntagenzurwa ryitsinda ryakozwe muri sisitemu yumusaruro utabanje kugenzura buri gihe cyangwa kunanirwa kugenzura buri gihe.Igenzura rya buri cyiciro ni inyongera ku igenzura ryigihe, kandi igenzura rya buri cyiciro ni ubugenzuzi bwo kugenzura ingaruka ziterwa nimpanuka zishingiye ku gukuraho ingaruka ziterwa na sisitemu binyuze mu igenzura rimwe na rimwe.Muri rusange, icyiciro-cy-igenzura rigenzura gusa ibintu byingenzi biranga ibicuruzwa.Igenzura ryigihe nugusuzuma ibiranga ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa ningaruka zibidukikije (ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, igihe, umuvuduko wumwuka, imbaraga ziva hanze, umutwaro, imirasire, icyorezo, udukoko, nibindi) kubiranga ubuziranenge, ndetse harimo kwihuta gusaza no kwipimisha ubuzima.Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bisabwa kugirango bigenzurwe buri gihe biragoye, uruziga ni rurerure, kandi ikiguzi ni kinini, ariko kugenzura buri gihe ntigomba gukorwa kubera iki.Iyo uruganda rudafite uburyo bwo gukora igenzura buri gihe, rushobora guha inzego zubugenzuzi mu nzego zose gukora igenzura buri gihe mu izina ryayo.
11 Bishyizwe mubikorwa n'ingaruka z'ikizamini
1. Ikizamini cya Deterministic Igenzura rya Deterministic rishingiye ku gipimo cyiza cy’ibicuruzwa, kandi ni icyemezo gihuje no gusuzuma niba ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa cyangwa bitanyuze mu igenzura.
2. Ikizamini cyamakuru
Igenzura ryamakuru nuburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura bukoresha amakuru yakuwe mubugenzuzi bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge.
3. Ikizamini
Ikizamini cyo gushakisha impamvu ni ugushaka impamvu zishoboka zidakwiriye (gushakisha impamvu) binyuze mubuhanuzi buhagije mugushushanya ibicuruzwa, gushushanya no gukora igikoresho cyerekana amakosa muburyo bugamije, kandi ukagikoresha mubikorwa byo gukora ibicuruzwa kugirango bikureho ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibyangombwa.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Ugushyingo-29-2022